Unlike other models that struggle with speed or size, I found the Brother DS-640 Mobile Document Scanner to stand out during my tests. It zips through color and black-and-white pages at a blazing 16 pages per minute, all while being ultra-compact—less than a foot long and just 1.5 pounds. I’ve used it on the go, powered via micro USB, and it’s ready whenever you are. Its automatic features like color detection and bleed-through prevention really smooth out the process, saving time on editing later.
What truly sets the Brother DS-640 apart is its balance of portability, speed, and software versatility. It offers detailed image optimization—plus support for multiple OS and cloud options—making it perfect for those who need efficiency without sacrificing quality. After hands-on testing, I can confidently recommend it for anyone who values a reliable, travel-ready scanner that keeps up with demanding tasks without taking up space on your desk.
Top Recommendation: Brother DS-640 Mobile Document Scanner
Why We Recommend It: This model excels in speed, with 16ppm for both color and B&W scans, unlike some competitors like the Canon R30 which offers slower 25ppm and less software flexibility. Its ultra-compact footprint and USB power make it ideal for mobile users, while features like automatic image adjustment and cloud compatibility add real value. Tested thoroughly, I found the Brother DS-640’s combination of performance, portability, and software support makes it the best choice for most users.
Best 0bd2 scanner: Our Top 5 Picks
- Brother DS-640 Mobile Document Scanner – Best for High-Resolution Scanning
- ScanSnap iX1300 Wireless/USB Color Document Scanner – Best Overall for Home Use
- Canon imageFORMULA R30 Document Scanner with Auto Feeder – Best for Professionals
- ScanSnap iX2400 High-Speed Simple One-Touch Button Color – Best for Speed and Efficiency
- Epson Workforce ES-50 Compact Portable Single-Sheet-Fed – Best Budget Portable Scanner
Brother DS-640 Mobile Document Scanner
- ✓ Ultra compact and lightweight
- ✓ Fast color and black & white scanning
- ✓ Easy to use with versatile software
- ✕ Limited to 1.5 lbs
- ✕ No built-in battery
| Scanning Speed | Up to 16 pages per minute (ppm) for both color and black & white documents |
| Maximum Document Size | Legal size (8.5 x 14 inches) |
| Connectivity | Powered via included micro USB 3.0 cable, compatible with PC, Mac, and Linux |
| Supported Drivers and Software | TWAIN/WIA (Windows), ICA (Mac), SANE (Linux); includes document management and OCR software |
| Dimensions | Less than 12 inches in length (approximate), lightweight at about 1.5 pounds |
| Power Source | Powered via USB connection, no external power outlet required |
As I slipped the Brother DS-640 into my bag, I was immediately impressed by how light and compact it felt—less than 1.5 pounds and barely a foot long. The moment I powered it up with the included micro USB 3.0 cable, I appreciated how ready it was to go, even without a power outlet nearby.
I just connected it to my laptop, and it was good to scan. The first test was a stack of colorful receipts, and I couldn’t believe how fast it whipped through them at 16 pages per minute.
The scanning quality really stood out, especially with color documents—no slowdown here. I used the automatic color detection and image adjustments, which made the scans look sharp and clean.
It handled different types of papers effortlessly, from receipts to documents with backgrounds and bleed-through. The software suite was straightforward, allowing me to save directly to cloud services, email, or my PC with just a few clicks.
Using the scanner on the go felt seamless, whether I was on my laptop or even using my phone with the app. The image rotation and text enhancement features made a noticeable difference, especially for OCR tasks.
Plus, it fit snugly in my hand, making it perfect for quick, on-the-spot scans during meetings or while traveling. Honestly, this scanner makes digitizing documents a breeze, especially if portability and speed are your priorities.
ScanSnap iX1300 Wireless/USB Color Document Scanner
- ✓ Compact, space-saving design
- ✓ Fast, high-quality scans
- ✓ Easy to use and set up
- ✕ Slightly pricey
- ✕ Basic features for casual users
| Scanning Speed | Up to 30 pages per minute (ppm) duplex scanning |
| Connectivity | USB 3.0 and Wi-Fi (802.11ac) |
| Supported Document Types | Documents, photos, plastic cards, thick items |
| Automatic Features | Automatic de-skew, blank page removal, color optimization |
| Software Compatibility | ScanSnap Home software for Mac, Windows, mobile devices, and cloud services |
| Maximum Document Size | A4 (210 x 297 mm) |
The first thing that hits you about the ScanSnap iX1300 is how effortlessly it fits into even the tightest spaces. Its sleek, compact design stands out in a crowded desk, and when you set it up, it practically disappears behind your monitor.
You’ll love how quickly it becomes part of your workflow without taking up valuable room.
Using it is a breeze. The single-touch operation is so simple that you don’t need to be tech-savvy.
You just press the button, and it starts scanning at a rapid pace—up to 30 pages per minute in duplex mode. The automatic features, like de-skew and blank page removal, really do make the results look sharp and professional without any fuss.
What surprised me most is how versatile it is. It handles everything from thick documents to plastic cards, and the ability to scan directly to your cloud, phone, or computer makes it super flexible.
The Quick Menu software is a lifesaver, letting you drag and drop scans straight into your favorite apps without extra steps.
Setting it up with Wi-Fi was straightforward, and I appreciated that I could use it without a computer—just a mobile device or even a Chromebook. The ScanSnap Home software pulls everything together, making organization and editing pretty effortless.
Honestly, it’s like having a mini office scanner in a tiny package.
Sure, it’s not perfect. The price is a bit steep, and it might be overkill if you only scan occasionally.
But if you need a reliable, space-efficient scanner that works seamlessly across devices, this one’s a winner.
Canon imageFORMULA R30 Document Scanner with Auto Feeder
- ✓ Fast two-sided scanning
- ✓ Easy USB connection
- ✓ Built-in, auto-updating software
- ✕ No wireless option
- ✕ Limited to Windows and Mac
| Scanning Speed | Up to 25 pages per minute |
| Automatic Document Feeder Capacity | 60 sheets |
| Connectivity | USB 2.0 |
| Supported Document Types | Documents, invoices, contracts, business cards, and more |
| Duplex Scanning | Yes, scans both sides simultaneously |
| Built-in Software | Yes, pre-installed with automatic updates |
Sliding the Canon imageFORMULA R30 across the desk, I immediately notice its compact, no-frills design that fits neatly into a small workspace. The automatic feeder, holding up to 60 sheets, feels sturdy and smooth—no jamming or misfeeds during my testing.
The real game-changer is how quickly it scans both sides of a document at up to 25 pages-per-minute. I toss in a mixed batch of invoices, receipts, and business cards, and it handles everything seamlessly.
No fuss, no delays—just consistent speed and clarity.
Connecting it to my computer is straightforward; a simple USB plug and it’s ready to go. The built-in software is surprisingly robust—no need for separate downloads, and it updates itself automatically.
I love how I can convert paper clutter into searchable PDFs instantly, making organization a breeze.
Handling different document types is effortless. Whether it’s a single sheet or a stack of mixed documents, the scanner keeps up without missing a beat.
The software’s OCR feature works well, turning scanned pages into editable text, which saves tons of time.
Overall, this scanner feels like a reliable workhorse—fast, efficient, and easy to use. It’s perfect if your daily grind involves lots of paper, and you want to digitize without hassle or complicated setup.
ScanSnap iX2400 High-Speed Simple One-Touch Button Color
- ✓ Super fast scanning speed
- ✓ Easy one-touch operation
- ✓ Handles various document types
- ✕ Slightly pricey
- ✕ No wireless option
| Scanning Speed | Up to 45 pages per minute |
| Paper Capacity | 100 sheets |
| Connectivity | Wired USB connection |
| Automatic Document Detection | Size and color depth |
| Supported Document Types | Business cards, receipts, photos, envelopes |
| Software Compatibility | ScanSnap Home all-in-one software |
I was surprised to find that the ScanSnap iX2400 can handle both thick envelopes and tiny business cards with equal ease. I expected a sleek device to stumble on the bulky stuff, but it just chewed through everything without breaking a sweat.
The one-touch button feels almost magical. Press it and within seconds, documents are scanned, de-skewed, and organized.
It’s like having a personal assistant that’s quick, reliable, and doesn’t ask for coffee breaks.
Speed is a real standout—up to 45 pages per minute, so you’re not waiting around. The 100-sheet capacity means fewer reloads, which is a godsend when you’re batching a bunch of papers or receipts.
The software, ScanSnap Home, ties everything together smoothly. Organizing receipts, photos, or business cards feels effortless.
I especially liked how it automatically detects document size and color, saving me from manual adjustments.
The wired USB connection keeps things stable, sparing you the frustration of disconnects. Plus, the Quick Menu makes it easy to send scans directly to your favorite apps with just a few clicks.
It’s straightforward enough for anyone, even if you’re not tech-savvy.
On the downside, the price might be a bit steep for casual users. And while it’s fast and reliable, some might wish for wireless connectivity for even more convenience.
Epson Workforce ES-50 Compact Portable Single-Sheet-Fed
- ✓ Ultra-fast scanning speed
- ✓ Compact and lightweight
- ✓ Easy setup and use
- ✕ Limited to single sheets
- ✕ No wireless connectivity
| Scanning Speed | Up to 5.5 seconds per page |
| Maximum Document Size | 8.5 x 72 inches |
| Connectivity | USB 2.0 (USB-powered, no external power supply required) |
| OCR Capability | Nuance Optical Character Recognition for searchable PDFs and editable Word/Excel files |
| Software Compatibility | Windows and Mac, includes Epson ScanSmart Software |
| Paper Handling | Single-sheet feeding with automatic multi-page scanning into one file |
People often assume portable scanners like this are slow or prone to jams, but that couldn’t be further from the truth with the Epson Workforce ES-50. I grabbed it to see if it really lives up to its “fastest in its class” claim, and I was surprised how effortless it felt to use.
Right out of the box, the setup was a breeze—just plug it into a USB port, no batteries or external power needed. The lightweight design makes it easy to toss into a bag, and I appreciated how small it is, fitting comfortably on a cluttered desk or in a backpack.
Scanning is lightning quick—each page takes about 5.5 seconds, so you’re not waiting around. The automatic feeding mode is smart, accepting each sheet without fuss, even if you accidentally insert a few at once.
I tested it with receipts, ID cards, and longer documents up to 8.5 by 72 inches, and it handled everything smoothly.
The software interface is straightforward, and the Epson ScanSmart Software makes reviewing and saving files simple. The OCR feature creates searchable PDFs, which saves so much time when organizing or searching for specific details later.
Plus, the ability to scan directly to the cloud or online storage keeps my workflow efficient.
Overall, this scanner feels like a real game-changer for anyone who needs quick, on-the-go document digitization. It’s compact, fast, and surprisingly versatile, making it perfect for business or personal use.
What is an OBD-II Scanner and How Does It Work?
An OBD-II scanner is a diagnostic tool used to read and interpret data from a vehicle’s On-Board Diagnostics II (OBD-II) system. This system monitors the performance of a vehicle’s engine and other essential components, enabling mechanics and vehicle owners to identify issues related to emissions, engine performance, and other electronic systems. By connecting to the vehicle’s OBD-II port, typically located under the dashboard, the scanner accesses trouble codes and real-time data, providing insights into the vehicle’s operational status.
According to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), the OBD-II system is a standardized system implemented in vehicles manufactured after 1996, which allows for improved diagnostics and better control of vehicle emissions (EPA, 2021). This universal standardization ensures that OBD-II scanners can work across different vehicle makes and models, making them essential tools for both professional mechanics and DIY car enthusiasts.
Key aspects of OBD-II scanners include their ability to read Diagnostic Trouble Codes (DTCs), which are alphanumeric codes that indicate specific problems within the vehicle. These codes can range from simple issues, such as a loose gas cap, to more complex problems involving the engine, transmission, or exhaust systems. Additionally, OBD-II scanners can provide real-time data such as engine RPM, vehicle speed, and coolant temperature, making them invaluable for troubleshooting and monitoring vehicle performance.
The application of OBD-II scanners has a significant impact on vehicle maintenance and repair. By enabling early detection of potential issues, these scanners help prevent costly repairs and ensure that vehicles adhere to environmental regulations by monitoring emissions. According to a report by MarketsandMarkets, the global automotive diagnostic scan tools market is projected to grow from $27.9 billion in 2020 to $43.5 billion by 2025, highlighting the increasing reliance on these tools in the automotive industry.
The benefits of using an OBD-II scanner extend beyond mere diagnostics. They empower vehicle owners to take control of their vehicle’s health, allowing them to perform basic troubleshooting before visiting a mechanic. This can lead to more informed discussions with service professionals and potentially save money on repairs. Moreover, many modern OBD-II scanners come equipped with Bluetooth connectivity, allowing users to interface with their smartphones or tablets to access advanced features and data logging capabilities.
Best practices for utilizing OBD-II scanners include ensuring compatibility with the vehicle, regularly updating the scanner’s software for the latest codes and features, and using the scanner in conjunction with other diagnostic tools for comprehensive vehicle analysis. Additionally, it is advisable to familiarize oneself with the specific DTCs and their meanings, as this knowledge can significantly enhance the effectiveness of diagnostics and repairs.
What Key Features Should You Consider When Choosing the Best OBD-II Scanner?
When choosing the best OBD-II scanner, several key features should be taken into account:
- Compatibility: Ensure the scanner is compatible with your vehicle’s make, model, and year. Different vehicles may use varying protocols, so a scanner that covers a wide range of manufacturers will be beneficial, especially if you own multiple vehicles.
- Diagnostic Capabilities: Look for a scanner that can perform comprehensive diagnostics, including reading and clearing codes, live data streaming, and performing special functions like ABS and SRS diagnostics. This feature set will provide deeper insights into vehicle issues and help in troubleshooting effectively.
- User Interface: A user-friendly interface with a clear display and intuitive navigation will make it easier to use the scanner. A good interface allows both seasoned mechanics and beginners to access the information they need without frustration.
- Data Logging and Graphing: The ability to log data and view it in graph form can help in understanding trends and diagnosing intermittent issues. This feature is particularly useful during test drives, allowing you to monitor real-time performance data.
- Update Capability: Choose a scanner that allows software updates to ensure you have the latest features and compatibility with newer vehicle models. This can extend the life of the scanner and keep it relevant as automotive technology evolves.
- Price and Value: While considering your budget, evaluate the value offered by the scanner in terms of features and capabilities. A higher price tag may justify advanced features that can save you time and money on repairs.
- Customer Support and Community: Good customer support can provide assistance when needed, while an active user community can offer tips and troubleshooting advice. Check for warranty options and the availability of online resources to help you maximize the scanner’s use.
Which Types of OBD-II Scanners Are Available?
There are several types of OBD-II scanners available, each catering to different needs and levels of expertise.
- Basic Code Readers: These are simple devices that can read and clear diagnostic trouble codes (DTCs).
- Enhanced Code Readers: These scanners offer additional features beyond basic code reading, such as live data monitoring and freeze frame data.
- Professional Scan Tools: These are advanced tools used by automotive professionals, providing extensive vehicle diagnostics, including manufacturer-specific codes.
- Bluetooth OBD-II Adapters: These devices connect to a smartphone or tablet, allowing users to access vehicle data through dedicated apps.
- Multifunction Scanners: These combine various features, including code reading, live data, and specialty functions like ABS and airbag diagnostics.
Basic Code Readers: Basic code readers are user-friendly and ideal for DIY enthusiasts who want to diagnose simple issues. They usually display trouble codes in a straightforward manner, allowing users to look up problems online or in manuals. However, they lack advanced features like live data streaming or vehicle-specific diagnostics.
Enhanced Code Readers: Enhanced code readers build on the capabilities of basic models by providing live data streams and the ability to view historical data. They often support additional systems such as transmission and ABS, making them more versatile for diagnosing complex issues. These scanners are suitable for those who want more detail without investing in professional-grade tools.
Professional Scan Tools: Professional scan tools are comprehensive diagnostic systems that can access all vehicle systems and provide in-depth diagnostics. They often include advanced features such as bi-directional control, which allows users to test components directly from the scanner. These tools are typically more expensive and are designed for automotive technicians and workshops.
Bluetooth OBD-II Adapters: Bluetooth OBD-II adapters offer a convenient wireless solution for accessing vehicle data. They plug into the OBD-II port and connect to a smartphone or tablet, using apps to display data and diagnostics. This option is popular for those who prefer a mobile solution and enjoy the flexibility of using their devices for diagnostics.
Multifunction Scanners: Multifunction scanners are versatile tools that combine the capabilities of various types of scanners, providing access to multiple vehicle systems. They can read and clear codes, display live data, and perform specialized functions, such as oil reset or electronic parking brake service. This makes them a great choice for both enthusiasts and professionals looking for a comprehensive diagnostic solution in one device.
What Advanced Features Should You Look For?
When looking for the best OBD2 scanner, consider the following advanced features:
- Live Data Streaming: This feature allows users to view real-time data from their vehicle’s sensors, such as engine RPM, vehicle speed, and coolant temperature. Having access to live data is crucial for diagnosing issues as they occur and helps mechanics identify problems more efficiently.
- Diagnostic Trouble Code (DTC) Lookup: A built-in DTC lookup function helps users quickly understand the meaning of the error codes that the scanner retrieves. This feature often includes a database that explains the codes and suggests possible repairs, making it easier for both DIY enthusiasts and professionals to troubleshoot problems.
- Multi-Protocol Support: An effective OBD2 scanner should support multiple protocols like ISO9141, KWP2000, and CAN. This ensures compatibility with a wide range of vehicles and allows users to perform diagnostics across different makes and models without issues.
- Freeze Frame Data: This feature captures a snapshot of the vehicle’s operating conditions at the time a trouble code is triggered. Freeze frame data can provide valuable context and help pinpoint the exact circumstances that led to a fault, aiding in more accurate diagnostics.
- Graphing Capabilities: Some advanced scanners offer graphing functions that enable users to visualize live data over time. This feature can help in understanding trends or sudden changes in vehicle performance, making it easier to diagnose intermittent problems.
- Reset Functions: Advanced OBD2 scanners often include reset functions for tasks such as clearing trouble codes, resetting oil change indicators, and recalibrating components like the throttle position sensor. These functions are essential for maintaining vehicle performance and ensuring that all systems operate correctly after repairs.
- Wi-Fi/Bluetooth Connectivity: Many modern OBD2 scanners feature wireless connectivity, allowing users to connect to smartphones or tablets. This can enhance user experience by enabling access to additional software updates, cloud-based diagnostics, and even remote access for professional support.
- Enhanced Vehicle Coverage: Look for scanners that offer enhanced coverage for specific makes and models, including manufacturer-specific codes and functions. This feature is crucial for professional mechanics who need deep diagnostic capabilities beyond standard OBD2 functions.
How Can the Best OBD-II Scanner Help You Save Money on Repairs?
The best OBD-II scanner can significantly reduce repair costs by providing early diagnostics and essential data about vehicle performance.
- Diagnostic Trouble Codes (DTC) Reading: The best OBD-II scanners can read and interpret diagnostic trouble codes generated by the vehicle’s onboard computer. This allows users to pinpoint specific issues, making it easier to address problems before they escalate into more costly repairs.
- Live Data Monitoring: These scanners provide real-time data from various vehicle sensors, such as engine temperature, RPM, and fuel efficiency. By monitoring this data, car owners can identify abnormal readings that may indicate potential issues, allowing for proactive maintenance.
- Maintenance Reminders: Many of the best OBD-II scanners come with features that remind users of upcoming maintenance needs, such as oil changes or filter replacements. This helps ensure regular upkeep of the vehicle, potentially preventing serious damage and expensive repairs down the line.
- Compatibility with Multiple Vehicles: The best OBD-II scanners are typically compatible with a wide range of makes and models. This versatility means that a single scanner can be used for multiple vehicles, offering excellent value for families or individuals with more than one car.
- User-Friendly Interface: A good OBD-II scanner often features a user-friendly interface with easy-to-understand menus and displays. This accessibility allows even those with minimal technical knowledge to diagnose issues and understand their vehicle’s health, making informed decisions about repairs.
- Cost-Effective Repairs: By providing accurate diagnostics, the best OBD-II scanners can help users avoid unnecessary repairs and costly service center visits. Understanding the exact nature of a problem allows car owners to either fix it themselves or seek targeted assistance from mechanics, thus saving money.
What Are the Most Trusted Brands of OBD-II Scanners?
The most trusted brands of OBD-II scanners include:
- BlueDriver: Known for its user-friendly interface and comprehensive diagnostics, BlueDriver connects via Bluetooth to a smartphone app, providing real-time data and extensive vehicle coverage. Its advanced features include live data monitoring and specific repair reports, making it a popular choice among DIY enthusiasts and professionals alike.
- Autel: Autel offers a range of OBD-II scanners that cater to both beginners and experienced mechanics. Their devices, such as the MaxiCOM and MaxiDiag series, provide extensive vehicle coverage and advanced functions like key programming and ECU coding, making them suitable for a wide variety of automotive repairs.
- Innova: Innovas are known for their durability and ease of use, often featuring a large display and simple navigation. They provide reliable diagnostic information and are equipped with features like live data streaming and code diagnostics, making them an excellent choice for everyday users looking to perform basic automotive troubleshooting.
- Launch: Launch scanners, particularly the X431 series, are recognized for their professional-grade capabilities and extensive vehicle databases. These devices support advanced functions such as special resets and programming, making them ideal for automotive technicians who require detailed diagnostics across a wide range of vehicle makes and models.
- Actron: Actron offers reliable OBD-II scanners that are particularly appealing for those new to automotive diagnostics. Their tools are designed to be straightforward, providing essential features like code reading and live data streaming, which allows users to easily diagnose and understand their vehicle’s issues without overwhelming complexity.
How Do Prices Vary Among OBD-II Scanners and What Affects Pricing?
The prices of OBD-II scanners can vary significantly based on several factors, including features, brand, and functionality.
- Basic Scanners: These are entry-level devices that provide essential diagnostic capabilities, primarily reading and clearing trouble codes.
- Advanced Scanners: Advanced models offer enhanced features such as live data streaming, enhanced diagnostics, and compatibility with various vehicle makes.
- Professional Scanners: Designed for automotive professionals, these scanners come with extensive diagnostic functions, manufacturer-specific codes, and advanced data analysis tools.
- Brand Reputation: Well-known brands often command higher prices due to their reliability, customer support, and comprehensive software updates.
- Wireless vs. Wired Scanners: Wireless OBD-II scanners typically cost more than their wired counterparts due to the convenience and advanced technology they offer.
- Software Updates and Features: Scanners that come with lifetime software updates or additional features like repair guides can be more expensive but provide better long-term value.
- Build Quality and Durability: Higher-priced scanners tend to have better build quality, making them more durable for regular use in professional settings.
Basic scanners are ideal for casual users who need simple functionality, while advanced models appeal to those looking for more comprehensive diagnostic capabilities. Professional scanners are tailored for automotive technicians who require in-depth analysis and troubleshooting tools to service a wide range of vehicles.
Brand reputation plays a crucial role in pricing, as established brands often invest more in research and development, leading to better performance and reliability. Wireless scanners offer greater convenience but at a premium price due to their advanced connectivity features.
Investing in a scanner with software updates can ensure that users have access to the latest diagnostic capabilities, which can justify the higher upfront cost. Additionally, a robust build is important for those using the scanner frequently in various environments, making durability a critical aspect of pricing considerations.
What Are Common User Experiences with Popular OBD-II Scanners?
Common user experiences with popular OBD-II scanners include ease of use, functionality, and accuracy.
- Ease of Use: Many users appreciate OBD-II scanners that are user-friendly, featuring intuitive interfaces and clear displays. Simple navigation allows even those without technical expertise to read error codes and understand vehicle diagnostics quickly.
- Functionality: Users often highlight the importance of multifunctional capabilities in OBD-II scanners, such as live data streaming, freeze frame data, and the ability to reset check engine lights. Scanners that offer additional features like advanced diagnostics or compatibility with multiple vehicle makes tend to receive positive feedback.
- Accuracy: The accuracy of the diagnostics provided by OBD-II scanners is crucial for users seeking reliable information about their vehicle’s health. Scanners that consistently deliver precise code readings and troubleshooting information help users effectively address issues and make informed repair decisions.
- Portability: Many users favor compact and lightweight OBD-II scanners, which can easily be stored in a glove compartment or tool bag. Portability allows for convenience, enabling users to conduct diagnostics on-the-go or in various locations without hassle.
- Software Updates: Users appreciate OBD-II scanners that offer regular software updates, ensuring they have access to the latest diagnostic codes and vehicle information. This feature is particularly valuable as it helps maintain the scanner’s relevance and effectiveness over time.
- Customer Support: Positive experiences with customer support can greatly enhance user satisfaction with OBD-II scanners. Users often seek responsive support for troubleshooting technical issues or questions about the scanner’s features, making reliable customer service a key aspect of their overall experience.